Source:Wiipedia
Saadat Hasan Manto (11 May 1912 – 18 January 1955) was a Pakistani writer, playwright and author born in Ludhiana, British India. Writing mainly in Urdu language, he produced 22 collections of short stories, a novel, five series of radio plays, three collections of essays, two collections of personal sketches. His best short stories are held in high esteem by writers and critics. Manto was known to write about the hard truths of society that no one dared to talk about. He is best known for his stories about the partition of India immediately following independence in 1947.
Manto was tried for obscenity six times; thrice before 1947 in British India, and thrice after independence in 1947 in Pakistan, but never convicted. He is acknowledged as one of the finest 20th century Urdu writers and is the subject of a biographical film, Manto, directed by Sarmad Khoosat.
Early life
Saadat Hassan Manto was born in Paproudi village of Samrala, in the Ludhiana district of the Punjab in a Muslim family of barristers on 11 May 1912. His father was a judge of a local court. He was ethnically a Kashmiri and proud of his Kashmiri roots. In a letter to Pandit Nehru he suggested that being 'beautiful' was the second meaning of being 'Kashmiri'.
The big turning point in his life came in 1933, at age 21, when he met Abdul Bari Alig, a scholar and polemic writer, in Amritsar. Abdul Bari Alig encouraged him to find his true talents and read Russian and French authors.
Early career
Within a matter of month Manto produced an Urdu translation of Victor Hugo's The Last Day of a Condemned Man, which was published by Urdu Book Stall, Lahore as Sarguzasht-e-Aseer (A Prisoner's Story). Soon afterwards he joined the editorial staff of Masawat, a daily published from Ludhiana
This heightened enthusiasm pushed Manto to pursue graduation at Aligarh Muslim University, which he joined in February 1934, and soon got associated with Indian Progressive Writers' Association (IPWA). It was here that he met writer Ali Sardar Jafri and found a new spurt in his writing. His second story, "Inqlaab Pasand", was published in Aligarh magazine in March 1935.
“ "A writer picks up his pen only when his sensibility is hurt."
-- Manto to a court judge ”
Saadat Hasan Manto had accepted the job of writing for Urdu Service of All India Radio in 1941. This proved to be his most productive period as in the next eighteen months he published over four collections of radio plays, Aao (Come), Manto ke Drame (Manto's Dramas), Janaze (Funerals) and Teen Auraten (Three women). He continued to write short stories and his next short story collection Dhuan (Smoke) was soon out followed by Manto ke Afsane and his first collection of topical essays, Manto ke Mazamin. This period culminated with the publication of his mixed collection Afsane aur Dramey in 1943. Meanwhile, due to a quarrel with the director of the All India Radio, poet N. M. Rashid, he left his job and returned to Bombay in July 1942 and again started working with film industry. He entered his best phase in screenwriting giving films like Aatth Din, Shikari, Chal Chal Re Naujawan and Mirza Ghalib, which was finally released in 1954. Some of his short stories also came from this phase including Kaali Shalwar (1941), Dhuan (1941) and Bu (1945), which was published in Qaumi Jang (Bombay) in February 1945. Another highlight of his second phase in Bombay was the publication of a collection of his stories, Chugad, which also included the story 'Babu Gopinath'. He stayed in Bombay until he moved to Pakistan in January 1948 after the partition of India in 1947.
Migration to Pakistan
Manto and his family were among the millions of Muslims who left present-day India for the Muslim-majority nation of Pakistan .
Life in Lahore
When Manto arrived in Lahore from Bombay, he lived near and associated with several prominent intellectuals including Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Nasir Kazmi, Ahmad Rahi and Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi. They all used to gather at Lahore's iconic Pak Tea House, witness to some of the most fiery literary debates and passionate political arguments back in 1948–49. Pak Tea House holds a special place in the memories of those who know about Lahore's vibrant literary and cultural past. "There was absolutely no external influence and people would share their opinions on any subject without fear even during the military dictators' regimes."
He died on 18 January 1955, in an apartment located off Hall Road in Lahore. His death was attributed to the effects of alcoholism. He was survived by his wife Safia and daughters Nighat, Nuzhat and Nusrat.
Legacy
On 18 January 2005, the fiftieth anniversary of his death, Manto was commemorated on a Pakistani postage stamp.
On 14 August 2012 which is Pakistan's Independence Day, Saadat Hasan Manto was posthumously awarded the Nishan-e-Imtiaz award (Distinguished Service to Pakistan Award) by the Government of Pakistan.
Manto was a writer whose life story became a subject of intense discussion and introspection. During the last two decades many stage productions were done to present his character in conflict with the harsh socio-economic realities of post partition era. Danish Iqbal's stage Play Ek Kutte Ki Kahani presented Manto in a new perspective on occasion of his birth centenary.
In 2015, Pakistani actor and director Sarmad Khoosat made and released a movie, Manto, based on the life of Manto.
In 2018, the British Broadcasting Corporation named the work Toba Tek Singh among the 100 stories that shaped the world, alongside works by authors like Homer and Virginia Woolf.
The 2018 film Manto, made by Nandita Das and starring Nawazuddin Siddiqui, is a Bollywood film based on the life of Manto.
Death
In his later years, Manto had become increasingly alcoholic, which eventually lead to Cirrhosis of the liver. He died from complications of the disease on the morning of 18 January 1955, in an apartment on Hall Road in Lahore.
Writings
Manto chronicled the chaos that prevailed, during and after the Partition of India in 1947. He started his literary career translating the works of Victor Hugo, Oscar Wilde and Russian writers such as Chekhov and Gorky. His first story was "Tamasha", based on the Jallianwala Bagh massacre at Amritsar. Though his earlier works, influenced by the progressive writers of his times, showed a marked leftist and socialist leanings, his later work progressively became stark in portraying the darkness of the human psyche, as humanist values progressively declined around the Partition. His final works, which grew from the social climate and his own financial struggles, reflected an innate sense of human impotency towards darkness and contained a satirism that verged on dark comedy, as seen in his final work, Toba Tek Singh. It not only showed the influence of his own demons, but also that of the collective madness that he saw in the ensuing decade of his life. To add to it, his numerous court cases and societal rebukes deepened his cynical view of society, from which he felt isolated. No part of human existence remained untouched or taboo for him, he sincerely brought out stories of prostitutes and pimps alike, just as he highlighted the subversive sexual slavery of the women of his times. To many contemporary women writers, his language portrayed reality and provided them with the dignity they long deserved. He is still known for his scathing insight into human behaviour as well as revelation of the macabre animalistic nature of the enraged people, that stands out amidst the brevity of his prose.
At least one commentator compares Saadat Hasan Manto to D. H. Lawrence, partly because he wrote about taboos of Indo-Pakistani Society. His concerns on the socio-political issues, from local to global are revealed in his series, Letters to Uncle Sam, and those to Pandit Nehru. On his writing he often commented, "If you find my stories dirty, the society you are living in is dirty. With my stories, I only expose the truth".
Charge for obscenity
Manto faced trial for obscenity in his writings in both India and Pakistan,including three times in India before 1947 (‘Dhuan,’ ‘Bu,’ and ‘Kali Shalwar’) and three times in Pakistan after 1947 (‘KholDo,’ ‘Thanda Gosht,’ and ‘Upar Neeche Darmiyaan’) under section 292 of the Indian Penal Code and the Pakistan Penal Code in Pakistan’s early years. He was fined only in one case. Regarding the charges of obscenity he opined "I am not a pornographer but a story writer,"
Bibliography
Atish Paray (Nuggets of Fire) – 1936 آتش پارے
Chugad چُغد
Manto Ke Afsanay (Stories of Manto) – 1940 منٹو کے افسانے
Dhuan (Smoke) – 1941 دُھواں
Afsane Aur Dramay (Fiction and Drama) – 1943 افسانے اور ڈرامے
Khol do[36]
Lazzat-e-Sang-1948 (The Taste of Rock) لذتِ سنگ
Siyah Hashiye-1948 (Black Borders) سیاہ حاشیہ
Badshahat Ka Khatimah (The End of Kingship) – 1950 بادشاہت کا خاتمہ
Khali Botlein (Empty Bottles) – 1950 خالی بوتلیں
Loud Speaker (Sketches) لاؤڈ سپیکر
Ganjey Farishtey (Sketches) گنجے فرشتے
Manto ke Mazameen منٹو کے مضا مین
Nimrud Ki Khudai (Nimrod The God) – 1950 نمرود کی خُدائی
Thanda Gosht (Cold Meat) – 1950 ٹھنڈا گوشت
Yazid – 1951 یزید
Pardey Ke Peechhey (Behind The Curtains) – 1953 پردے کے پیچھے
Sarak Ke Kinarey (By the Roadside) – 1953 سڑک کے کنارے
Baghair Unwan Ke (Without a Title) – 1954 بغیر عنوان کے
Baghair Ijazit (Without Permission) – 1955 بغیر اجازت
Tobha Tek Singh( "powerful satire") – 1955 ٹوبہ ٹیک سنگھ
Burquey – 1955 بُرقعے
Phunduney (Tassles) – 1955 پھندنے
Sarkandon Ke Peechhey (Behind The Reeds) – 1955 سرکنڈوں کے پیچھے
Shaiytan (Satan) – 1955 شیطان
Shikari Auratein (Women Hunters) – 1955 شکاری عورتیں
Ratti, Masha, Tolah-1956 رتی ماشہ تولہ
Kaali Shalwar (Black Pants) – 1961 کالی شلوار
Manto Ki Behtareen Kahanian (Best Stories of Manto) – 1963 منٹو کی بہترین کہانیاں
Tahira Se Tahir (From Tahira to Tahir) – 1971 طاہرہ سے طاہر
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